This segment addresses the general principles on the formation of international arbitration agreements, the generally applicable rules of contract law and the separability presumption.

This segment addresses the possible consequences of the separability presumption in practice.

This segment addresses the standards of proof of international arbitration agreements (heighted, reduced and neutral standards of proof) and the essential terms of international arbitration agreements.

This segment addresses the national arbitration legislation and the approach of national courts in cases involving a lack of certainty or definiteness of international arbitration agreements.

This segment addresses pathological arbitration clauses and possible defects in arbitration agreements.

This segment addresses the interpretation of pathological arbitration clauses.

This segment addresses uncertain arbitration agreements, optional and mandatory arbitration agreements, non-exclusive agreements to arbitrate and the severability of invalid clauses.

This segment addresses the general principles on the substantive validity of arbitration agreements and the separability presumption, the presumptive validity and unconscionability of arbitration agreements.

This segment addresses asymmetrical arbitration clauses and duress with respect to the substantive validity of arbitration agreements.

This segment addresses fraud and forgery with respect to the substantive validity of arbitration agreements.

This segment addresses impossibility, changed circumstances and frustration with respect to the substantive validity of arbitration agreements.

This segment addresses illegality, lack of capacity to enter into a contract and contract termination with respect to the substantive validity of arbitration agreements.

This segment addresses repudiation and an inconvenient arbitral seat as relevant factors to the substantive validity of arbitration agreements, and the formal validity of international arbitration agreements.

This segment addresses the written form requirement under the New York Convention.

This segment addresses the written form requirement under various national arbitration legislations.

This segment addresses the interpretation of the written form requirement under the New York Convention and the incorporation of arbitral agreements.

This segment addresses national courts’ interpretation of specific and general references to arbitration provisions under the UNCITRAL Model Law, the waiver of the right to arbitrate, and future directions of the formation and validity of international arbitration agreements.